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Book outline for Policy Manual
  • Policy Manual
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    • Table of Contents
    • Volume 1 - General Policies and Procedures
    • Volume 2 - Nonimmigrants
    • Volume 3 - Humanitarian Protection and Parole
    • Volume 4 - Refugees and Asylees
    • Volume 5 - Adoptions
    • Volume 6 - Immigrants
    • Volume 7 - Adjustment of Status
    • Volume 8 - Admissibility
    • Volume 9 - Waivers and Other Forms of Relief
    • Volume 10 - Employment Authorization
    • Volume 11 - Travel and Identity Documents
    • Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization
      • Part A - Citizenship and Naturalization Policies and Procedures
      • Part B - Naturalization Examination
      • Part C - Accommodations
      • Part D - General Naturalization Requirements
      • Part E - English and Civics Testing and Exceptions
      • Part F - Good Moral Character
      • Part G - Spouses of U.S. Citizens
      • Part H - Children of U.S. Citizens
        • Chapter 1 - Purpose and Background
        • Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization
        • Chapter 3 - U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309)
        • Chapter 4 - Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)
        • Chapter 5 - Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322)
        • Chapter 6 - Special Provisions for the Naturalization of Children
        • Chapter 7 - Deriving Citizenship Before the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 (Former INA 321 and 320)
      • Part I - Military Members and their Families
      • Part J - Oath of Allegiance
      • Part K - Certificates of Citizenship and Naturalization
      • Part L - Revocation of Naturalization
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  3. Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization
  4. Part H - Children of U.S. Citizens
  5. Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

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  • Guidance
  • Resources (9)
  • Appendices (1)
  • Updates (14)

A. Definition of Child

The definition of “child” for citizenship and naturalization differs from the definition used for other parts of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).[1] The INA provides two different definitions of “child.”

  • One definition of child applies to approval of visa petitions, issuance of visas, and similar issues.[2]
  • The other definition of child applies to citizenship and naturalization.[3]

One significant difference between the two definitions of child is that a stepchild is not included in the definition relating to citizenship and naturalization. Although a stepchild may be the stepparent’s “child” for purposes of visa issuance, the stepchild is not the stepparent’s “child” for purposes of citizenship and naturalization. A stepchild is not eligible for citizenship or naturalization through the U.S. citizen stepparent unless the stepparent adopts the stepchild and the adoption meets certain requirements.[4]

Below are definitions of child that apply to citizenship and naturalization.[5] The applicable definition depends in part on whether a child is claiming citizenship through the mother or father. A child generally must be under the age of 18[6] and unmarried to acquire citizenship after birth.

Definition of Child of a U.S. Citizen Mother

To be considered a child of a U.S. citizen mother, the child must be:

  • The genetic child of a U.S. citizen mother who is recognized as the legal parent;[7]
  • The adopted (including an orphan or Hague Convention adoptee) child of a U.S. citizen mother;[8]
  • The child of a non-genetic gestational U.S. citizen mother (woman who carried and gave birth to the child) who is recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parent;[9] or
  • The child of a U.S. citizen mother who is married to the child’s genetic or gestational parent at the time of the child’s birth (even if no genetic or gestational relationship exists with the U.S. citizen mother) if both parents are recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parents.

Definition of Child of a U.S. Citizen Father

To be considered a child of a U.S. citizen father, the child must be:

  • The legitimated[10] child of a U.S. citizen father who is recognized as the legal parent;[11]
  • The adopted (including an orphan or Hague Convention adoptee) child of a U.S. citizen father;[12]
  • The child of a U.S. citizen father who is married to the child’s genetic or gestational parent at the time of the child’s birth (even if no genetic or gestational relationship exists with the U.S. citizen father) if both parents are recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parents; or
  • If the child was born out of wedlock and claiming U.S. citizenship at birth, then the evidence must demonstrate that the requirements under INA 309 are met.[13]

For citizenship purposes, a person is considered a “parent,” “mother,” or “father,” where their child satisfies one of the definitions of child provided above.

The term “genetic child” refers to a child who shares genetic material with the parent, and “gestational parent” is the woman who carries and gives birth to the child. A genetic parent, as well as a non-genetic gestational parent who is recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parent, is included within the phrase “natural” parent as referenced in the INA.[14]

In general, absent other evidence to the contrary, USCIS considers a child’s birth certificate as recorded by a proper authority as primary and sufficient evidence to determine a child’s genetic or gestational relationship to the parent (or parents). The parental relationship may also be established under the paternity laws of the child or the father’s residence, or if this evidence is not available, it could be established by DNA testing. USCIS cannot require DNA test results to verify the claimed biological relationship but may suggest that the applicant voluntarily submit DNA test results.

In addition to meeting the definition of a child (as described above), the child must also meet the particular requirements of the specific citizenship or naturalization provision, which may include references to birth in wedlock or out of wedlock, and which may require that certain conditions be met by 18 years of age.[15]

B. Legitimated Child

Legitimation means “placing a child born out of wedlock in the same legal position as a child born in wedlock.”[16] Legitimation is a legal concept that generally refers to father-child relationships.

Generally, unless otherwise specified by the specific provision, if the father or child had various residences or domiciles before the child reached 16, 18, or 21 years of age (depending on the applicable provision), then the laws of the various places of residence or domicile must be analyzed to determine whether the requirements for legitimation have been met.[17] If the requirement for a child to be legitimated before a certain age is more generous in a particular citizenship statute than the requirement of legitimation before age 16 in the definition of child, USCIS allows legitimation until the age requirement in the applicable citizenship statute.[18]

Depending on the applicable provision, the law of the child’s residence or domicile, or the law of the father’s residence or domicile, or both, may be the relevant law to determine whether a child has been legitimated.[19]

A child is considered the legitimated child of his or her parent if:

  • The child is legitimated in the United States or abroad under the law of either the child's residence or domicile, or the law of the child’s father's residence or domicile, depending on the applicable provision;[20]
  • The child is legitimated before he or she reaches 16 years of age (except for certain cases where the child may be legitimated before reaching 18 or 21 years of age);[21] and
  • The child is in the legal custody of the legitimating parent or parents at the time of the legitimation.[22]

A non-genetic gestational mother may legitimate her child. While legitimation has been historically applied to father-child relationships, the gestational mother of a child conceived through Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) may be required to take action after the birth of the child to formalize the legal relationship. Whether such action is required depends on the law of the relevant jurisdiction.

Post-birth formalization of the legal relationship between a gestational mother and her child should be viewed as relating back to the time of birth. This is because the relevant jurisdiction’s recognition of the legal relationship between a non-genetic gestational mother and her child is based on the circumstances of the child’s birth, including that she carried and bore the child of whom she is the legal parent. This rule applies unless it is otherwise specified in the law of the relevant jurisdiction.[23]

An officer reviews the specific facts of a case when determining whether a child has been legitimated accordingly and to determine the appropriate citizenship provision.

C. Adopted Child

An adopted child is a child who has met the requirements applicable for adopted children[24] and has been adopted through a full, final, and complete adoption.[25]

D. Assisted Reproductive Technology

1. Background

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to fertility treatments where either the egg or sperm, or both, is handled outside the body. ART includes intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), among other reproductive technology procedures.[26] In these procedures, the parent or parents may use a combination of their own genetic material or donated genetic material (donated egg, sperm, or both) in order to conceive a child.[27] ART allows a gestational parent to bear a child to whom the parent does not have a genetic relationship through the use of a donor egg. As such, a gestational parent could have a biological relationship to the child (by carrying and giving birth to the child) but not a genetic relationship.

Children Born Outside the United States Through ART

A parent who is the gestational and legal parent of a child under the law of the relevant jurisdiction at the time of the child’s birth may transmit U.S. citizenship to the child if all other requirements are met.[28]

In addition, a non-genetic, non-gestational legal parent of a child born through ART may transmit U.S. citizenship to the child if the parent is married to the child’s genetic or gestational parent at the time of the child’s birth and both parents are recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parents.[29]

2. Child Born Outside the United States through Assisted Reproductive Technology to Legal Gestational Parent

A child born through ART may acquire U.S. citizenship from the non-genetic gestational parent at the time of birth, or after birth, depending on the applicable citizenship or naturalization provision, if:

  • The child’s gestational parent is recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parent at the time of the child’s birth; and
  • The child meets all other applicable requirements under the relevant citizenship or naturalization provision.

The relevant jurisdiction must recognize the gestational parent-child relationship as the legal parental relationship. Whether a parent is recognized as the legal parent is generally assessed under the jurisdiction of the child’s birth at the time of birth. In some jurisdictions, the non-genetic gestational parent is recognized as the legal parent without having to take any additional affirmative steps after birth. In other jurisdictions, a non-genetic gestational mother may be required to take certain action after the child’s birth to establish the legal relationship.

Post-birth formalization of the legal relationship between a non-genetic gestational parent and the child should be viewed as relating back to the time of birth. This is because the relevant jurisdiction’s recognition of the legal relationship between a non-genetic gestational parent and the child is based on the circumstances of the child’s conception and birth, including that the gestational parent carried and bore the child and the gestational parent is recognized as that child’s legal parent. This rule applies unless it is otherwise specified in the law of the relevant jurisdiction, such as in an applicable court order.

The law of the relevant jurisdiction governs whether the non-genetic gestational parent is the legal parent for purposes of U.S. immigration law. Importantly, a non-genetic gestational parent who is not the legally recognized parent may not transmit U.S. citizenship to the child. USCIS follows any applicable court judgment of the relevant jurisdiction if parentage is disputed. In addition, USCIS does not adjudicate cases involving children whose legal parentage remains in dispute unless there has been a final determination by a proper authority. Therefore, USCIS may deny a case in which the legal parentage is in dispute, and the applicant may then file a motion to reopen[30] upon resolution by the proper authority.

E. Definitions of U.S. Residence and Physical Presence

The term residence is defined in the INA as the person's "principal actual dwelling place in fact, without regard to intent."[31] A person is not required to live in a particular place for a specific period of time in order for that place to be considered their “residence.” However, the longer a person stays in a particular place, the more likely it is that they will establish that place as their residence.

By contrast, physical presence refers to the actual time a person is in the United States, regardless of whether that person has or had a residence in the United States.[32] U.S. citizen parents may count any time spent in the United States or its outlying possessions before the child’s birth to meet the physical presence requirement, regardless of their citizenship status at the time they were present in the United States.[33] Even if the citizen parent was physically present in the United States without a lawful status or in any immigration status before the birth of the child, USCIS recognizes that period for purposes of the physical presence requirement.

 Although some provisions related to naturalization and citizenship require specific time periods of physical presence, residence, or both,[34] in contrast, there is no specific time period of residence required for purposes of acquiring citizenship where a child is born in wedlock outside the United States to two U.S. citizen parents.[35]

For example, a person who spent time travelling in the United States for a year living in different hotel rooms in different cities or towns every week and who did not own or rent any property or have another principal dwelling place in the United States, would likely be able to establish 1 year of physical presence. However, without additional evidence of a principal actual dwelling place in the United States, that person could not establish residence in the United States. The table below provides a few examples on how travel would affect the physical presence and the residence requirements. However, the examples are not dispositive and individual cases will be determined based on the individual merits and evidence presented.

Examples Illustrating Physical Presence and Residence in the United States
ScenariosPhysical PresenceResidence

U.S. citizen parent owns a home and works in a foreign country. Parent travels to the United States and:

  • Stays 2 weeks with a cousin in New York,
  • Stays 2 weeks in New York with his or her parents, and
  • Travels to Florida on vacation for 2 weeks.
6 weeks

No U.S. residence

(Residence is outside the United States)

Parent is a U.S. citizen born in a foreign country, who never lived in or visited the United States. His child moved to the United States as an adult and claimed U.S. citizenship.No physical presence[36]No U.S. residence
As a child, U.S. citizen parent came to the United States for 3 consecutive summers to attend a 2-month long camp. The parent lived and went to school in a foreign country for the rest of the year.6 months

No U.S. residence

(Residence is outside the United States)

U.S. citizen parent worked in the United States for 9 months in a year for 8 years out of a 9-year period. (Parent returned to Mexico to spend the remaining 3 months of each year with family, who never visited the United States.)9 months in a year for 8 yearsU.S. residence established[37]

1. Special Considerations

Various circumstances may affect whether USCIS considers a person to be residing in or physically present in the United States, and therefore whether U.S. citizens may transmit citizenship to their children.

U.S. Citizens who were Born, But Did Not Reside, in the United States

A U.S. citizen may have automatically acquired U.S. citizenship based on birth in the United States,[38] but never actually resided in the United States. This U.S. citizen will not have established residence in the United States, and may be unable to transmit U.S. citizenship to his or her own children.

For example, if the U.S. citizen, still having never resided in the United States, subsequently marries another U.S. citizen who never resided in the United States, and they give birth to a child outside the United States, the child will not acquire citizenship at birth under INA 301(c) because neither U.S. citizen parent can show the requisite residence in the United States. However, if the U.S. citizen parent had returned to the United States after his or her birth and established residence before giving birth to the child outside the United States, then he or she may be able to meet the residence requirement based on that period of residence and transmit U.S. citizenship to his or her children.

Children of Armed Forces Members or U.S. Government Employees (or their Spouses)

Certain children of U.S. armed forces members or U.S. government employees (or their spouses) who are residing outside the United States are exempt from the requirement to be residing in the United States for purposes of acquiring citizenship under INA 320.[39]

Commuters and Temporary Visits to the United States

Residence is more than a temporary presence or a visit to the United States. Therefore, temporary presences and visits are insufficient to establish residence for the purposes of transmitting citizenship. For example, someone who resides along the border in Mexico or Canada, but works each day in the United States, cannot use his or her workplace to establish a residence.

Vacations or brief stays in the United States do not qualify as residence in the United States. However, attendance at school, college, or university in the United States for an extended period of time may be considered as residence in the United States depending upon the totality of the circumstances.[40]

Owning or Renting Property

A person does not need to own or rent property in the United States in order to establish residence. In addition, owning or renting property outside of the United States does not automatically establish lack of residence in the United States. Owning and renting property in the United States may help to establish residence in the United States if the person also establishes that he or she actually lived in that property, for example. A person who owns property but never lived in the property would not be able to establish residence based on owning that property.

Physical Presence in U.S. Territorial Waters

A parent’s physical presence in U.S. territorial waters[41] is determined based on the ports of departure and arrival and the nature of the voyage.[42] Officers determine the location of the ports of departure and arrival first, for the purpose of counting physical presence at a U.S. port. Officers then add any additional days for the portion of the voyage where there is evidence that the ship was in U.S. territorial waters, which includes U.S. coastal travel.

Officers use the following formula to calculate total physical presence in territorial waters:

Physical presence at a U.S. Port + physical presence during voyage =

Physical presence in territorial waters 

The following tables show how USCIS calculates physical presence at a U.S. port and during a voyage.

Ports of Departure and ArrivalPhysical Presence at a U.S. Port
From United States to United States1 day if the duration of the voyage is 1 day; 2 days for voyages of more than 2 days
From United States to Foreign1 day
From Foreign to United States1 day
From Foreign to Foreign0 days
Type of VoyagePhysical Presence During Voyage
Coastal (within U.S. territorial waters on a single coast)Number of days of voyage (not including days physically present at a U.S. port, as determined above)
Coastwise (from a U.S. port to a U.S. port, but through foreign or international waters)0 days (unless there is evidence that the ship was in U.S. territorial waters for additional days beyond days physically present at a U.S. port)
Foreign or International (to or from a U.S. port, but operated in foreign or international waters)0 days (unless there is evidence that the ship was in U.S. territorial waters for additional days beyond days physically present at a U.S. port)
Intercoastal (between a U.S. port on the Atlantic Ocean and a U.S. port on the Pacific Ocean)0 days (unless there is evidence that the ship was in U.S. territorial waters for additional days beyond days physically present at a U.S. port)
Other (for example, fishing voyages, voyages in the Great Lakes, or time spent in reduced operating status (time spent aboard ship while at a U.S. port))
  • For fishing voyages and Great Lakes, number of days of voyage (not including days physically present at a U.S. port, as determined above) for those days operating in U.S. territorial waters.
  • For reduced operating status, all additional days spent at a U.S. port beyond the days physically present at a U.S. port calculated above.

2. Evidence

A U.S. citizen who was born in the United States generally meets the residence requirement as long as he or she can present evidence to demonstrate that his or her mother was not merely transiting through or visiting the United States at the time of his or her birth.[43] For example, a long form birth certificate is sufficient evidence if it shows a U.S. address listed as the mother’s residence at the time of the U.S. citizen’s birth.

If a U.S. citizen’s birth certificate indicates that his or her mother’s address was outside of the United States at the time of the birth, USCIS may find that the U.S. citizen does not meet the residence requirement unless the U.S. citizen can prove U.S. residence.

Documents that can help demonstrate residence include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • U.S. marriage certificate indicating the address of the bride and groom;
  • Property rental leases, property tax records, and payment receipts;
  • Deeds;
  • Utility bills;
  • Automobile registrations;
  • Professional licenses;
  • Employment records or information;
  • Income tax records and income records, including W-2 salary forms;
  • School transcripts;
  • Military records; and
  • Vaccination and medical records.

Footnotes


[^ 1] See INA 101(b) and INA 101(c).

[^ 2] See INA 101(b).

[^ 3] See INA 101(c).

[^ 4] See Matter of Guzman-Gomez (PDF), 24 I&N Dec. 824 (BIA 2009) (the terms “child” and “parent” defined at INA 101(c) do not encompass stepchildren and stepparents; a person born outside the United States cannot derive U.S. citizenship under INA 320(a) by virtue of their relationship to a nonadoptive stepparent). See Acevedo v. Lynch (PDF), 798 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2015). See Section C, Adopted Child [12 USCIS-PM H.2(C)].

[^ 5] Applicants who already filed an Application for Certificate of Citizenship (Form N-600) and were denied, but become eligible following a change in USCIS policy, may file a Notice of Appeal or Motion (Form I-290B) to request reopening of the prior USCIS denial of their Form N-600.

[^ 6] USCIS considers a child to be under the age of 18 years even if the last condition for acquisition of citizenship falls on the day of the child’s 18th birthday. See Matter of L-M- and C-Y-C-, 4 I&N Dec. 617 (BIA 1952). 

[^ 7] The relevant jurisdiction must recognize the parent-child relationship as the legal parental relationship. Whether a parent is recognized as the legal parent is generally assessed under the law of the jurisdiction where the child was born, as it existed at the time of birth. An egg donor generally would not be able to transmit citizenship because the donor typically relinquishes parental rights as part of the donation process and generally would not be considered a parent of a child under the applicable law. 

[^ 8] The child must satisfy the requirements applicable to adopted children under INA 101(b)(1)(E), INA 101(b)(1)(F), or INA 101(b)(1)(G). 

[^ 9] The law of the relevant jurisdiction governs whether the non-genetic parent is the legal parent for purposes of U.S. immigration law. A non-genetic U.S. citizen parent, who is not a legally recognized parent of the child, may not transmit U.S. citizenship to the child. USCIS follows any applicable court judgment of the relevant jurisdiction if parentage is disputed. In addition, USCIS does not adjudicate cases involving children whose legal parentage remains in dispute unless there has been a determination by a proper authority.

[^ 10] Depending on the applicable provision, the relevant law to determine whether a child has been legitimated may be the law of the child’s residence or domicile, or the law of the father’s residence or domicile, or both. See INA 101(c). A person’s “residence” is the person’s place of general abode, that is, the principal, actual dwelling place without regard to intent. See INA 101(a)(33). A person’s “domicile” refers to a “person's true, fixed, principal, and permanent home, to which that person intends to return and remain even though currently residing elsewhere.” See Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). In most cases, a person’s residence is the same as a person’s domicile.

[^ 11] The relevant jurisdiction must recognize the parent-child relationship as the legal parental relationship. Whether a parent is recognized as the legal parent is generally assessed under the law of the jurisdiction where the child was born, as it existed at the time of birth. A sperm donor generally would not be able to transmit citizenship because the donor typically relinquishes parental rights as part of the donation process and generally would not be considered a parent of a child under the applicable law.

[^ 12] The child must satisfy the requirements applicable to adopted children under INA 101(b)(1)(E), INA 101(b)(1)(F), or INA 101(b)(1)(G).

[^ 13] See Chapter 3, U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309), Section C, Child Born out of Wedlock [12 USCIS PM H.3(C)]. 

[^ 14] See INA 101(b) and INA 101(c). A “natural” parent may be a genetic or a gestational parent (who carries and gives birth to the child) who is recognized by the relevant jurisdiction as the child’s legal parent.

[^ 15] See Chapter 3, U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and INA 309) [12 USCIS-PM H.3]; Chapter 4, Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320) [12 USCIS-PM H.4]; and Chapter 5, Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322) [12 USCIS-PM H.5].

[^ 16] See Matter of Moraga (PDF), 23 I&N Dec. 195, 197 (BIA 2001).

[^ 17] Importantly, certain citizenship provisions limit the place of legitimation to the child’s residence. See INA 309(a)(4)(A). In such cases, only the law of the place of residence is analyzed to determine whether the requirements for legitimation have been met.

[^ 18] For example, the INA 320 requirements must be met before age 18, while the definition of child at INA 101(c) requires legitimation before age 16. In this case, USCIS would consider a child who was legitimated at age 17 to be eligible for citizenship under INA 320.

[^ 19] See INA 101(c)(1). However, for purposes of INA 309(a), the child must be legitimated under the laws of the child’s residence or domicile.

[^ 20] See INA 101(a)(33), which defines the term “residence” as the “place of general abode.” The place of general abode of a person means his or her “principal, actual dwelling place in fact, without regard to intent.”

[^ 21] For example, the current version of INA 309 allows for legitimation until the age of 18, while INA 101(c) requires legitimation by the age of 16.

[^ 22] See INA 101(c)(1). See also Matter of Rivers (PDF), 17 I&N Dec. 419, 422 (BIA 1980) (presuming a legitimated child to be in the legal custody of the legitimating parent).

[^ 23] See Section D, Assisted Reproductive Technology [12 USCIS-PM H.2(D)].

[^ 24] The child must meet the requirements for family-based adoption at INA 101(b)(1)(E), orphans at INA 101(b)(1)((F), or Hague Convention adoptees at INA 101(b)(1)(G). See Volume 5, Adoptions, Part E, Family-Based Adoption Petitions [5 USCIS-PM E]. See Volume 5, Adoptions, Part C, Child Eligibility Determinations (Orphan) [5 USCIS-PM C]. See Volume 5, Adoptions, Part D, Child Eligibility Determinations (Hague) [5 USCIS-PM D].

[^ 25] See 8 CFR 320.1. See 8 CFR 322.1. See Volume 5, Adoptions, Part F, Citizenship for Adopted Children, Chapter 2, Definitions [5 USCIS-PM F.2].

[^ 26] See Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act of 1992 (FCSRCA), Pub. L. 102-493 (PDF), 106 Stat. 3146 (October 24, 1992).

[^ 27] In addition, a couple may use a gestational carrier (also called a gestational surrogate). A gestational surrogate is a person who gestates, or carries, an embryo that was formed from the egg of another person on behalf of the intended parent (or parents). The gestational carrier then gives birth to the child. The gestational carrier usually has a contractual obligation to return the infant to the intended legal parents. For additional information on ART, see the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website.

[^ 28] Before USCIS implemented the gestational mother policy on October 28, 2014, a genetic relationship with a U.S. citizen parent was required in order for a child born outside the United States to acquire U.S. citizenship through that parent.

[^ 29] Children who meet the qualifications under this policy may acquire citizenship. If a Form N-600, Application for Certificate of Citizenship, or N-600K, Application for Citizenship and Issuance of Certificate Under Section 322, has been previously denied but the child now meets these requirements, the applicant may file a motion to reopen or reconsider the denied decision on a Notice of Appeal or Motion (Form I-290B). See 8 CFR 103.5. In order to naturalize under INA 322, a child must be under age 18.

[^ 30] If a Form N-600 or N-600K has been previously denied but the child now meets these requirements, the applicant may file a motion to reopen or reconsider the denied decision on a Notice of Appeal or Motion (Form I-290B). See 8 CFR 103.5.

[^ 31] See INA 101(a)(33). See Savorgnan v. U.S., 338 U.S. 491, 506 (1950).

[^ 32] Examples of documentary evidence showing physical presence include academic transcripts, military records, official vaccination or other medical records, employment records, and lease agreements.

[^ 33] See Matter of M, 7 I&N Dec. 643 (BIA 1958) (holding that the parent’s physical presence as a student, before he naturalized and became a U.S. citizen, counted towards the required period of residence in the United States, before the child’s birth).

[^ 34] See INA 301 and INA 309. For more information on physical presence, see Part D, General Naturalization Requirements, Chapter 4, Physical Presence [12 USCIS-PM D.4]. 

[^ 35] See INA 301(c).

[^ 36] See Madar v. USCIS, 918 F.3d 120 (3rd Cir. 2019). In that case, the appellant argued that he was “constructively resident” in the United States because his U.S. citizen father lived during the relevant time in what was then Communist Czechoslovakia and was not free to leave the country. The court rejected that claim noting that physical presence requirements can be constructively satisfied only in extraordinary circumstances, such as, for example, when a U.S. government error causes citizenship to lapse, preventing the foreign-born parent from complying with the physical presence requirements.

[^ 37] See Alcarez-Garcia v. Ashcroft, 293 F.3rd 1155 (9th Cir. 2002).

[^ 38] See U.S. Const. amend XIV. See INA 301(a).

[^ 39] See Chapter 4, Section C, Children of Armed Forces Members or Government Employees (or their Spouses) [12 USCIS PM H.4(C)]. See INA 320(c) (added by the Citizenship for Children of Military Members and Civil Servants Act, Pub. L. 116-133 (PDF) (March 26, 2020)).

[^ 40] See Matter of M--, 4 I&N Dec. 418 (BIA 1951) (continuous stay in the United States as a college student for almost 3 years held to have residence in the United States for purposes of Section 201(g) of the Nationality Act of 1940, Pub. L. 76-853, 54 Stat. 1137, 1139 (October 14, 1940)).

[^ 41] Territorial waters or territorial sea means the waters, 12 nautical miles wide, adjacent to the coast of the United States and seaward of the territorial sea baseline. See 33 CFR 2.22. See 46 U.S.C. 70054(2). See Territorial Sea of the United States, 54 FR 777, 103 Stat. 2981 (PDF) (Dec. 27, 1988).

[^ 42] This information is generally documented on a U.S. Coast Guard Certificate of Discharge to Merchant Mariner or some other documentation of the voyage such as a ship’s logs.

[^ 43] For more information on how the rules may vary depending on whether the U.S. citizen is the mother or father of a child seeking to acquire citizenship, see Chapter 3, U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309), Section A, General Requirements for Acquisition of Citizenship at Birth [12 USCIS-PM H.3(A)] through Section C, Child Born Out of Wedlock [12 USCIS-PM H.3(C)].

Resources

Legal Authorities

INA 101(b)(1) - Definition of child

INA 101(c) - Definition of child for citizenship and naturalization

INA 332, 8 CFR 332 - Naturalization administration, executive functions

INA 341, 8 CFR 341 - Certificates of citizenship

Forms

G-1055, Fee Schedule

G-28, Notice of Entry of Appearance as Attorney or Accredited Representative

N-600, Application for Certificate of Citizenship

N-600K, Application for Citizenship and Issuance of Certificate Under Section 322

Other Materials

How to Use the USCIS Policy Manual Website

Appendices

Appendix: History of Acquiring Citizenship under INA 320 for Children of U.S. Citizens who are Members of the U.S. Armed Forces, U.S. Government Employees, or their Spouses

Before October 29, 2019, USCIS considered children of members of the U.S. armed forces or U.S. government employees, who were stationed outside of the United States, to meet the requirement of “is residing in” the United States for the purpose of acquiring citizenship under INA 320.[1] This interpretation was consistent with the definition of “residence” for purposes of naturalization under INA 316.[2] Based on this treatment of U.S. government employees and their children in the context of naturalization under INA 316, USCIS determined that “residing in the United States” for purposes of acquisition of citizenship under INA 320 should likewise be interpreted to include children of U.S. military and government employees stationed outside of the United States who were residing with their parents.[3]

This interpretation, however, was inconsistent with other provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), including the definition of “residence” at INA 101(a)(33) and language in INA 322(a) and INA 322(d), which suggested that the citizenship of military children residing outside of the United States should be considered under that provision rather than under INA 320. Effective October 29, 2019, USCIS amended its policy guidance to address these concerns, and determined that children of members of the U.S. armed forces or U.S. government employees stationed outside of the United States would not be eligible for citizenship acquisition under INA 320.[4]

On March 26, 2020, the Citizenship for Children of Military Members and Civil Servants Act was enacted,[5] amending INA 320, so that a child residing with his or her U.S. citizen parent, who is stationed outside of the United States as a member of the U.S. armed forces or a U.S. government employee, or is residing in marital union with a member of the U.S. armed forces or a U.S. government employee who is stationed outside of the United States, acquires citizenship under INA 320 if all requirements of INA 320(c) and INA 320(a)(1)-(2) are met. In line with the statute, USCIS rescinds its previous guidance, clarifying that these children are eligible to acquire citizenship under INA 320 if all other requirements under INA 320 are met.

The amendment to INA 320 applies to children who were under the age of 18 on March 26, 2020.

Footnotes


[^ 1] Even though the child of a member of the U.S. armed forces or U.S. government employee stationed outside of the United States may be eligible to apply for a Certificate of Citizenship under INA 322 since he or she resides outside of the United States, USCIS interpreted the child to meet residency requirements under INA 320 as well, which formerly required the child to be residing in the United States with his or her parent to acquire citizenship.

[^ 2] For example, U.S. government employees, including members of the U.S. armed forces, are eligible to apply for an exception to the continuous residence requirement for naturalization under INA 316 as long as their residency outside of the United States was on behalf of the U.S. government. See INA 316(b). See INA 316(a). See Part D, General Naturalization Requirements, Chapter 3, Continuous Residence [12 USCIS-PM D.3].

[^ 3] See Policy Manual Technical Update, Child Citizenship Act and Children of U.S. Government Employees Residing Abroad (July 20, 2015); and Acquisition of Citizenship by Children of U.S. Military and Government Employees Stationed Abroad under Section 320 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), No. 103, issued May 6, 2004.

[^ 4] See USCIS Policy Alert, Defining “Residence” in Statutory Provisions Related to Citizenship [PA-2019-05]. This Policy Alert has been superseded by Policy Manual updates to reflect changes made under Pub. L. 116-133 (PDF).

[^ 5] See Pub. L. 116-133 (PDF) (March 26, 2020).

Updates

POLICY ALERT - Recognizing Male and Female Sexes in USCIS Benefit Requests Review and Document Issuance

April 02, 2025

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is updating policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual to clarify that USCIS recognizes the two biological sexes, male or female, for purposes of reviewing benefit requests and USCIS-issued documents.

Read More
Affected Sections

1 USCIS-PM E.5 - Chapter 5 - Verification of Identifying Information

11 USCIS-PM A.2 - Chapter 2 - USCIS-Issued Secure Identity Documents

12 USCIS-PM G.2 - Chapter 2 - Marriage and Marital Union for Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM H.2 - Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM K.2 - Chapter 2 - Certificate of Citizenship

12 USCIS-PM K.3 - Chapter 3 - Certificate of Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM K.4 - Chapter 4 - Application for Replacement of Naturalization/Citizenship Document

Technical Update - Replacing the Term "Noncitizen"

February 26, 2025

This technical update replaces all instances of the term “noncitizen” with “alien” or other appropriate terms throughout the Policy Manual where possible, as used to refer to a person who meets the definition provided in INA 101(a)(3) [“any person not a citizen or national of the United States”], and makes other technical and conforming changes.

Affected Sections

1 USCIS-PM - Volume 1 - General Policies and Procedures

2 USCIS-PM - Volume 2 - Nonimmigrants

3 USCIS-PM - Volume 3 - Humanitarian Protection and Parole

4 USCIS-PM - Volume 4 - Refugees and Asylees

5 USCIS-PM - Volume 5 - Adoptions

6 USCIS-PM - Volume 6 - Immigrants

7 USCIS-PM - Volume 7 - Adjustment of Status

8 USCIS-PM - Volume 8 - Admissibility

9 USCIS-PM - Volume 9 - Waivers and Other Forms of Relief

10 USCIS-PM - Volume 10 - Employment Authorization

11 USCIS-PM - Volume 11 - Travel and Identity Documents

12 USCIS-PM - Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization

POLICY ALERT - Custody in Acquisition of Citizenship Context

November 19, 2024

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is issuing policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual regarding the legal and physical custody requirements for purposes of acquisition of U.S. citizenship under Section 320 and naturalization under Section 322 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). USCIS is also expanding guidance on derivation of citizenship before the Child Citizenship Act (CCA), under former INA 321.

Read More
Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM H.1 - Chapter 1 - Purpose and Background

12 USCIS-PM H.2 - Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM H.4 - Chapter 4 - Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)

12 USCIS-PM H.5 - Chapter 5 - Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322)

12 USCIS-PM H.7 - Chapter 7 - Deriving Citizenship Before the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 (Former INA 321 and 320)

POLICY ALERT - Children’s Acquisition of Citizenship Provisions

July 18, 2024

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is issuing policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual regarding provisions for children’s acquisition of citizenship.

Read More
Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM H.1 - Chapter 1 - Purpose and Background

12 USCIS-PM H.2 - Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM H.3 - Chapter 3 - U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309)

12 USCIS-PM H.4 - Chapter 4 - Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)

12 USCIS-PM H.5 - Chapter 5 - Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322)

12 USCIS-PM H.6 - Chapter 6 - Special Provisions for the Naturalization of Children

POLICY ALERT - Citizenship for Adopted Children

April 21, 2023

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is issuing policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual to clarify how citizenship and naturalization provisions apply to adopted children.

Read More
Affected Sections

5 USCIS-PM F - Part F - Citizenship for Adopted Children

12 USCIS-PM A.2 - Chapter 2 - Becoming a U.S. Citizen

12 USCIS-PM H.1 - Chapter 1 - Purpose and Background

12 USCIS-PM H.2 - Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM H.4 - Chapter 4 - Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)

12 USCIS-PM H.5 - Chapter 5 - Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322)

POLICY ALERT - Assisted Reproductive Technology and In-Wedlock Determinations for Immigration and Citizenship Purposes

August 05, 2021

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is updating guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual regarding the determination of whether a child born outside the United States, including a child born through Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), is considered born “in wedlock.”

Read More
Affected Sections

6 USCIS-PM B.8 - Chapter 8 - Children, Sons, and Daughters

12 USCIS-PM H.2 - Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM H.3 - Chapter 3 - U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309)

12 USCIS-PM H.4 - Chapter 4 - Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)

12 USCIS-PM H.5 - Chapter 5 - Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322)

Technical Update - Replacing the Term “Alien”

May 11, 2021

This technical update replaces all instances of the term “alien” with “noncitizen” or other appropriate terms throughout the Policy Manual where possible, as used to refer to a person who meets the definition provided in INA 101(a)(3) [“any person not a citizen or national of the United States”].

Affected Sections

1 USCIS-PM - Volume 1 - General Policies and Procedures

2 USCIS-PM - Volume 2 - Nonimmigrants

6 USCIS-PM - Volume 6 - Immigrants

7 USCIS-PM - Volume 7 - Adjustment of Status

8 USCIS-PM - Volume 8 - Admissibility

9 USCIS-PM - Volume 9 - Waivers and Other Forms of Relief

10 USCIS-PM - Volume 10 - Employment Authorization

11 USCIS-PM - Volume 11 - Travel and Identity Documents

12 USCIS-PM - Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization

POLICY ALERT - Residency Requirements for Children of Service Members and Government Employees Residing Outside of the United States for Purposes of Acquisition of Citizenship

September 18, 2020

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is updating policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual regarding residency requirements under Section 320 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended by the Citizenship for Children of Military Members and Civil Servants Act.

Read More
Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM H - Part H - Children of U.S. Citizens

12 USCIS-PM I - Part I - Military Members and their Families

Technical Update - Moving the Adjudicator’s Field Manual Content into the USCIS Policy Manual

May 21, 2020

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is updating and incorporating relevant Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM) content into the USCIS Policy Manual. As that process is ongoing, USCIS has moved any remaining AFM content to its corresponding USCIS Policy Manual Part, in PDF format, until relevant AFM content has been properly incorporated into the USCIS Policy Manual. To the extent that a provision in the USCIS Policy Manual conflicts with remaining AFM content or Policy Memoranda, the updated information in the USCIS Policy Manual prevails. To find remaining AFM content, see the crosswalk between the AFM and the Policy Manual.

Affected Sections

1 USCIS-PM - Volume 1 - General Policies and Procedures

2 USCIS-PM - Volume 2 - Nonimmigrants

3 USCIS-PM - Volume 3 - Humanitarian Protection and Parole

4 USCIS-PM - Volume 4 - Refugees and Asylees

5 USCIS-PM - Volume 5 - Adoptions

6 USCIS-PM - Volume 6 - Immigrants

7 USCIS-PM - Volume 7 - Adjustment of Status

8 USCIS-PM - Volume 8 - Admissibility

9 USCIS-PM - Volume 9 - Waivers and Other Forms of Relief

11 USCIS-PM - Volume 11 - Travel and Identity Documents

12 USCIS-PM - Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization

Technical Update - Implementation of Policy Guidance on Defining “Residence” in Statutory Provisions Related to Citizenship

October 29, 2019

This technical update incorporates into Volume 12 the policy guidance that U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) announced August 28, 2019 addressing requirements for “residence” in statutory provisions related to citizenship. This guidance became effective October 29, 2019. 

Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM H - Part H - Children of U.S. Citizens

12 USCIS-PM I - Part I - Military Members and their Families

Technical Update - Replacing the Term “Foreign National”

October 08, 2019

This technical update replaces all instances of the term “foreign national” with “alien” throughout the Policy Manual as used to refer to a person who meets the definition provided in INA 101(a)(3) [“any person not a citizen or national of the United States”].

Affected Sections

1 USCIS-PM - Volume 1 - General Policies and Procedures

2 USCIS-PM - Volume 2 - Nonimmigrants

6 USCIS-PM - Volume 6 - Immigrants

7 USCIS-PM - Volume 7 - Adjustment of Status

8 USCIS-PM - Volume 8 - Admissibility

9 USCIS-PM - Volume 9 - Waivers and Other Forms of Relief

10 USCIS-PM - Volume 10 - Employment Authorization

11 USCIS-PM - Volume 11 - Travel and Identity Documents

12 USCIS-PM - Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization

POLICY ALERT - Defining “Residence” in Statutory Provisions Related to Citizenship

August 28, 2019

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is issuing policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual to address requirements for “residence” in statutory provisions related to citizenship, and to rescind previous guidance regarding children of U.S. government employees and members of the U.S. armed forces employed or stationed outside the United States. This guidance becomes effective October 29, 2019.

Read More
Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM H - Part H - Children of U.S. Citizens

12 USCIS-PM I - Part I - Military Members and their Families

POLICY ALERT - Effect of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) on Immigration and Acquisition of Citizenship Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)

October 28, 2014

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is issuing policy guidance relating to the use of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).

Read More
Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM H - Part H - Children of U.S. Citizens

12 USCIS-PM H.2 - Chapter 2 - Definition of Child and Residence for Citizenship and Naturalization

12 USCIS-PM H.3 - Chapter 3 - U.S. Citizens at Birth (INA 301 and 309)

12 USCIS-PM H.4 - Chapter 4 - Automatic Acquisition of Citizenship after Birth (INA 320)

12 USCIS-PM H.5 - Chapter 5 - Child Residing Outside the United States (INA 322)

POLICY ALERT - Comprehensive Citizenship and Naturalization Policy Guidance

January 07, 2013

USCIS is issuing updated and comprehensive citizenship and naturalization policy guidance in the new USCIS Policy Manual.

Read More
Affected Sections

12 USCIS-PM - Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization

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